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The History of the Taliban, the New Afghan Government Recognized by Russia
RUSSIA became the first country to officially recognize the government Taliban in Afghanistan by receiving a letter of credence from the Taliban-appointed ambassador, Gul Hassan Hassan, The New Arab reporting.
This recognition marks a significant diplomatic milestone for the Taliban regime, which has been internationally isolated since seizing power in August 2021 following the chaotic withdrawal of US-led forces.
The Meaning of Russia's Recognition for Afghanistan
Minister of Foreign Affairs Afghanistan Amir Khan Muttaqi praised Russia's decision as a bold and historic step, hoping it would inspire other countries to follow suit. Although no other countries have officially recognized the Taliban government yet, nations such as China, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan have appointed ambassadors to Kabul, signaling gradual diplomatic engagement.
This Russian admission is expected to draw the attention of the United States, which has maintained sanctions against Taliban leaders and frozen billions of dollars in assets belonging to Afghanistan's central bank, effectively isolating Afghanistan's banking sector from the global financial system.
This step also reflects Russia's evolving relationship with the Taliban, which was once designated as a terrorist group but was removed from the banned list in April 2025. Moscow views the Taliban as a partner in fighting terrorism, particularly against ISIS affiliates in Afghanistan, ISIS-K, which is responsible for deadly attacks in Russia. Since 2022, Afghanistan has imported gas, oil, and wheat from Russia, underscoring developing economic ties.
Formation of the Taliban
Afghanistan has a long history of living in chaos long before the Taliban was formed. Al Jazeera melanin, in the 1980s, Mujahideen Afghanistan was fighting against Soviet occupation. This group received weapons and money from the United States as part of a policy to counter Cold War enemies. Within this group, individuals who later became Taliban leaders also participated in the fighting.
The Soviet Union at that time supported the communist leader who had staged a coup against the country's first president, Mohammad Daoud Khan, in 1978. Chaos occurred when the Soviet Union withdrew in 1989. Three years later, a large-scale civil war erupted among Mujahideen commanders competing for power, dividing the capital Kabul, which was bombarded daily by hundreds of rockets from all directions.
Amid this chaos, the Taliban, who had by then emerged as an armed group, rose to become a significant force in the early 1990s. Many of its members had studied in conservative religious schools or madrasas in the Pashtun regions of Afghanistan and across the border in Pakistan.
Isolation from the International World
The Taliban has taken control of Kandahar, the largest city after Kabul, and has promised to make these cities secure. After years of war, people generally welcomed the group. They were fed up with the Mujahideen commanders and their forces, who were accused of human rights abuses and war crimes in the struggle for power.
In 1996, the Taliban captured the capital and hanged the country's last communist president, Najibullah Ahmadzai, in the square. The Taliban declared Afghanistan an Islamic emirate and began enforcing its extremely strict interpretation of Islamic law.
The group decided to tackle endemic corruption, thus gaining initial popularity. However, the Taliban never relaxed the restrictions initially imposed to, in their view, ensure that the crimes of civil war could not recur.
The restrictions include banning women from receiving education and employment, except for female doctors. Anyone who does not comply may be imprisoned or beaten in public.
His six-year rule was marked by harassment of ethnic and religious minorities as well as restrictions on activities and entertainment that seemed harmless, such as music and television.
Even sports are strictly regulated, as male athletes are told what to wear and matches are halted during the five daily prayer times. In 1999, the United Nations imposed sanctions on the Taliban due to its connections with... al-Qaeda , who was blamed for the 9/11 attacks in the US.
In March 2001, the Taliban decided to destroy the historic Buddha statues in the Bamiyan province, an act that drew global condemnation. Despite the controversy, including restrictions on women's educational and employment rights, the Taliban was not abandoned by world governments.
2001 US invasion
The United States launched an invasion of Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, after the Taliban refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda hiding in the country. Bin Laden, who had previously been invited back to Afghanistan by former Mujahideen commander Abdul Rab Rassool Sayyaf, was considered the mastermind behind the September 11 attacks that killed thousands in the U.S. Prior to the invasion, the Taliban requested evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the attacks and offered negotiations, but President George W. Bush rejected the request.
After air strikes and intensive military operations by the US and its allies, the Taliban fell within a few months. A transitional government led by Hamid Karzai was formed in December 2001. Three years later, Afghanistan announced a new constitution inspired by the reforms of the 1960s, when the last king, Mohammad Zahir Shah, officially recognized women's and minority ethnic rights.
However, in 2006, the previously ousted Taliban reorganized and began mobilizing fighters to resist foreign forces and the Western-backed government. This invasion marked the beginning of a protracted conflict that lasted nearly two decades, during which the Taliban continued launching attacks and strengthening its influence despite the presence of international military forces in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan Becomes a Devastated Country
For two decades, the prolonged conflict has devastated Afghanistan, killing more than 40,000 civilians due to attacks carried out by the Taliban and U.S.-led forces. In addition, at least 64,000 members of the Afghan military and police, as well as more than 3,500 international soldiers, also lost their lives in the war.
The United States has invested nearly one trillion dollars to support military operations and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan, yet the country remains impoverished with severely damaged and inadequate infrastructure.
In 2011, the Obama administration granted permission for a group of Taliban officials to relocate to Qatar. The purpose was to lay the groundwork for direct negotiations with the Afghan government under then-President Karzai.
Two years later, in 2013, the Taliban's official office in Doha began operating. Then in 2018, the Trump administration started formal direct talks with the Taliban, although the Afghan government was not involved in the process.
Abdul Ghani Baradar, who serves as the head of the Taliban's political office in Doha, signed an agreement with the United States on February 29, 2020. This agreement paved the way for the withdrawal of US and other foreign forces from Afghanistan, with a promise from the Taliban not to attack US-led foreign forces.
This agreement also initiated the peace negotiation process between the Taliban and Afghan leaders, which took place in Qatar's capital. Despite being involved in negotiations, the Taliban continued their military attacks on the ground. In mid-2021, they succeeded in entering the presidential palace and regained control over Afghanistan, twenty years after they were previously overthrown from power.
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